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英検1級要約社会・文化

人口減少や主要産業の衰退を経験している一部の都市では、多くの空き家や未利用地が存在しています。

Some cities experiencing population decline or the loss of major industries have large numbers of vacant houses and unused lots. Properties may remain empty for years when owners move away, die without clear heirs, or decide that repair costs are not worth paying. As buildings sit unused, roofs, walls, and utilities can deteriorate. Neglected structures may become fire hazards or attract illegal activity, creating safety concerns for people who continue to live nearby.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約環境

砂浜は、波や海流によって砂が海岸沿いを移動することで、自然に形を変えています。

Beaches naturally change shape as waves and currents move sand along the coast. In some areas, however, sea-level rise and coastal development are causing shorelines to retreat more quickly than they did in the past. Seawalls, ports, and other structures can also interrupt the natural movement of sediment, leaving certain beaches with less sand. As the beach becomes narrower, there is less space between the ocean and nearby buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. In places where beaches already provide only a narrow buffer, even moderate erosion can significantly increase exposure to the sea.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約テクノロジー

研究者は、新規性の高い研究成果や注目を集める発見を発表すると、より高く評価されることが多く、学術誌も肯定的な結果を報告する研究を採用しやすい場合があります。

Researchers often receive greater recognition when they publish novel or striking findings, and academic journals may be more willing to accept studies that report positive results. These incentives can create pressure to produce clear conclusions even when evidence is uncertain. Problems arise when researchers change their analytical methods after seeing the data or report only results that support an expected claim. A chance pattern may then appear stronger and more reliable than it really is, especially if unsuccessful analyses or contradictory findings remain unpublished.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約環境

下水処理では、大量の下水汚泥が発生します。

Wastewater treatment produces large amounts of sewage sludge, a material that contains nutrients and organic matter removed from water during the treatment process. In some regions, this sludge is processed and applied to farmland as a substitute for commercial fertilizer. Using it in this way can recycle useful nutrients and reduce the amount of waste that must be buried or burned. However, treatment does not always remove every unwanted substance. Sludge may still contain traces of industrial chemicals, heavy metals, or other contaminants that entered the sewer system before reaching the treatment plant.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約社会・文化

一部の地域では、強風、倒木、激しい嵐によって架空送電線が損傷し、広い範囲で停電が発生することがあります。

In some regions, strong winds, falling trees, and severe storms can damage overhead power lines and cause widespread electricity outages. Because poles and wires are exposed above ground, many parts of the network may fail at the same time during a major disaster. Repair crews may then have to travel to numerous damaged sites, remove fallen trees, replace poles, and reconnect lines before electricity can be restored. When destruction is extensive, some communities may remain without power for days.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約環境

家庭や企業から出る有機性廃棄物は、埋立地に埋められた後も分解を続けます。

Organic waste from homes and businesses continues to decompose after it is buried in landfills. Because little oxygen reaches material deep inside a landfill, microorganisms break it down under conditions that produce methane. This gas is a powerful greenhouse gas, and it can keep forming for many years after waste has been deposited. If no collection system is installed, methane may escape through the soil and into the atmosphere, increasing emissions from the waste-management sector.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約環境

ヒートポンプは、住宅やその他の建物の暖房に使われる化石燃料を減らす手段として普及が進められています。

Heat pumps are being promoted as a way to reduce the use of fossil fuels for heating homes and other buildings. Unlike furnaces that burn oil or gas directly, heat pumps use electricity to move heat from outside air or the ground into indoor spaces. As electricity generation becomes cleaner, this technology can lower emissions from buildings. However, if large numbers of households switch to electric heating at the same time, winter electricity demand may rise sharply, especially during cold waves when heating systems must work harder.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約環境

建物のエネルギー効率を高めれば、完成後の暖房、冷房、電力使用による排出量を減らすことができます。

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings can reduce emissions from heating, cooling, and electricity use after construction. However, a large share of a building's climate impact can occur before anyone moves in. Producing materials such as steel and concrete requires large amounts of energy and, in some cases, chemical processes that release greenhouse gases directly. Environmental standards that focus mainly on energy consumed during a building's operation may therefore overlook substantial emissions generated while raw materials are extracted, processed, transported, and assembled.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約環境

大規模な畜産施設では大量の家畜ふん尿が発生し、それらは農地で肥料として利用される前に保管されることがよくあります。

Large livestock operations produce substantial amounts of manure, which is often stored before being used as fertilizer on farmland. During storage and after manure is spread, nitrogen compounds can break down and release ammonia gas into the air. Once emitted, ammonia can travel beyond the farm and react with other pollutants in the atmosphere. These reactions may create fine particulate matter, allowing emissions from animal waste to contribute to air-pollution problems over a wider area than the farm itself.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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英検1級要約環境

現代の都市では、大きなガラス窓が広く使われています。

Large glass windows are common in modern cities because they provide natural light and create open-looking building designs. However, glass can reflect the sky, trees, and other vegetation, making the surface appear to be part of the surrounding environment. Birds may fail to recognize the window as a solid barrier and fly toward the reflected image at high speed. These collisions can occur on office towers, apartment buildings, schools, and other structures, especially where large glass surfaces are located near parks or planted areas.

90〜110語 · プリントあり

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